Xeriscape In Desert Climates

jamesdeluxe

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While visiting family in Denver last week, I was reminded of something that drove me nuts during my time in Colorado's Front Range and Albuquerque decades ago -- how many (the majority of?) people and businesses out west plant grass and landscaping elements that are more appropriate to the eastern third of the continent rather than a desert climate. It's a huge industry with dozens of trucks out and about carrying payloads of sod to create verdant carpets, which quickly turn brown unless heavily watered daily, even in years with significant spring/early summer rain.

Of course, there are all sorts of articles and YouTube clips on the reasons you should plant grass (e.g. chlorophyl reflects the sun's radiative heat) and shouldn't plant grass and other water-intensive landscaping. For people who agree on the latter argument, I learned that xeriscaping property isn't a fiscal option for many. My two nieces -- who own small, cute bungalows sitting on quarter-acre parcels -- mentioned receiving estimates north of $25K, well beyond their pay grade, so they carry on with grass and non-native trees (maples like the ones in my New Jersey yard!).

Do desert dwellers have any experiences/opinions to share?
 
My two nieces -- who own small, cute bungalows sitting on quarter-acre parcels -- mentioned receiving estimates north of $25K, well beyond their pay grade.

Do desert dwellers have any experiences/opinions to share?
I can't imagine getting a quote for that much. I'm a split on the topic. Front yard faces and tilts toward the sun and used to require ridiculous amounts of water. Long since xeriscaped for far, far less than your nieces quotes.

Back yard however is mostly planted, though not just grass; lots of flowers, some garden areas, etc... and since it is not sloped toward the sun and gets shaded by trees more in the AM and PM, etc... takes much less water than the front ever did. Front is half or less the size of the back yard and used to take at least as much water, if not more, than the entire back yard - crazy.

While my whole neighborhood was built with grass everywhere, tons of neighbors are switching to xeriscape in the past ~3-5 years.

My favorite (really least favorite) is all the road medians that have been built in metro Denver with 4-6' wide grass strips in the middle and get actively watered. Often with broken sprinkler heads that spray water all over the roads. Super common and stupid sight to still see. Though I believe Colo passed a law maybe ~5-8 years ago that finally banned that practice. And for reference Denver is officially a semi-arid high desert with an average of only 15" of precipitation per year, while grass usually likes something like an inch+ of water per week. As I like to say, lawn grass is by far Colorado's largest irrigated crop.
 
I can't imagine getting a quote for that much
That's what I said to my brother and his opinion for a full yard of that size was "we've seen people do it for a lot less than that but it usually looks cheap: a bunch of rocks and gravel with weak-sauce softscape" (I'd never heard that term before) -- i.e. you get what you pay for.
 
At my son's house in the SLC burbs he maintains a full grass yard. It pre-existed when he bought the house in 2017. Without regularly running his in-ground sprinklers it would die in about a month. Being a Virginia kid he's comfortable with the situation, but he has healthy water bills. I gotta say, the dandelions are supersized and super-hardy out there. I spend a lot of time on springtime weeding :-(

I have heard a counter argument regarding xeriscaping, that it increases the urban heat island effect when compared to grass.
 
I have heard a counter argument regarding xeriscaping, that it increases the urban heat island effect when compared to grass.
That may be possible but as mentioned, there's something not right about creating a completely foreign ecosystem in your yard. I'm an avid golfer but gag at the mind-boggling amount of water needed to maintain courses in desert climates. Having lived in dry regions, I know that I hold a minority opinion.

the dandelions are supersized and super-hardy out there. I spend a lot of time on springtime weeding
I suspect that you aren't of Italian or French descent. In early spring, I harvest dandelion leaves for salads while they're nice and tender (before they turn bitter, in which case you can still use them for soups).
 
I realize Salt Lake City isn't exactly a model for best-practices water conservation. But Vegas - OMG. I've been visiting Las Vegas once a year for the past five or six. I'm not a gambler, but go there for reunions to socialize with old friends. It's got to be one of the world's most egregious examples of a god-forsaken desert that has been turned into a heavily populated, artificially lush landscape due to a massive, man-made diversion of water. And it just keeps growing every year, energized recently by the boom in pro sports gambling.
 
But Vegas - OMG.
AI Chatbots agree with you -- see below:


The worst cities in the world for being in very hot, dry locations that rely heavily on irrigation or water diversion to support large human populations:


1. Las Vegas, USA

  • Climate: Extremely hot, arid desert (Mojave Desert)
  • Water source: Heavily reliant on the Colorado River and Lake Mead, which are drying up due to climate change and overuse.
  • Irrigation use: Extensive for golf courses, suburbs, and landscaping.
  • Why it’s a problem: Rapid population growth, unsustainable water use, and one of the fastest-warming cities in the U.S.



2. Phoenix, USA

  • Climate: Hot desert (Sonoran Desert), extreme summer temperatures (often >115°F / 46°C)
  • Water source: Colorado River, Salt River Project, underground aquifers.
  • Irrigation: Vital for agriculture and to maintain green spaces in a desert.
  • Challenge: One of the fastest-growing metro areas in the U.S. with serious water sustainability concerns.



3. Dubai, UAE

  • Climate: Scorching hot desert climate with extreme heat and almost no rainfall.
  • Water source: Relies almost entirely on desalination, which is expensive and energy-intensive.
  • Irrigation: Used to maintain artificial lakes, golf courses, and lush landscaping.
  • Problem: Massive urban development in a highly water-scarce region.



4. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

  • Climate: Hot desert, with virtually no natural freshwater sources.
  • Water source: Desalinated seawater and fossil aquifers (non-renewable groundwater).
  • Irrigation: Required for all agriculture and city landscaping.
  • Issue: Overreliance on unsustainable water extraction; food production is minimal due to water limits.



5. Cairo, Egypt

  • Climate: Hot and dry with a rapidly growing population.
  • Water source: The Nile River, but flow is under threat from upstream dam projects (e.g., Ethiopia's GERD).
  • Irrigation: Critical to feed 20+ million residents in and around the metro area.
  • Problem: Water shortages loom; per capita water availability is declining steadily.



6. Tehran, Iran

  • Climate: Semi-arid to arid; summers are hot and dry.
  • Water source: Rivers and aquifers, many of which are being depleted.
  • Irrigation: Significant agricultural water use competes with urban needs.
  • Issue: Severe water scarcity due to mismanagement and climate change.



7. Lima, Peru

  • Climate: Coastal desert, extremely dry despite being near the Pacific Ocean.
  • Water source: Snowmelt from the Andes; seasonal and unreliable.
  • Irrigation: Required for both food and green spaces in the city.
  • Problem: Population >10 million in an area with virtually no rainfall.



8. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

  • Climate: Cold desert/steppe—less hot, but very dry.
  • Water source: Underground aquifers that are under pressure.
  • Irrigation: Needed to grow anything, especially in summer.
  • Issue: Rapid urbanization, desertification, and pollution.



Honorable Mentions:

  • Nouakchott, Mauritania – Built on shifting sand dunes; water is trucked in.
  • Amman, Jordan – Semi-arid and one of the most water-scarce capitals globally.
  • Tucson, USA – Arid desert with water from the Colorado River and aquifers.
  • Perth, Australia – Mediterranean/arid zone with decreasing rainfall and aquifer depletion.
 
But Vegas - OMG
Vegas has actually become one of the models for water use laws over the past decade or so. I believe new residential lawns are banned. They will also pay you a small stipend to xeriscape, etc... Last I heard they use the same or less water today (Vegas wide) than they did 10 or so years ago. SO while still plenty of waste, they are one of the few US locations moving in the right direction.

I believe the strip area is exempted though so that it continues to amaze and attract visitors with fountains, etc...
 
Vegas has actually become one of the models for water use laws over the past decade or so. (...) SO while still plenty of waste, they are one of the few US locations moving in the right direction.
I've read positive accounts of Vegas's efforts, claiming that they're making a significant difference. Based mainly on anecdotal observations of profligate water usage in desert areas similar to @jimk's OMG comment, I suspect that it's like, euh, spitting in the ocean.

It would seem that building massive human settlements in inhospitably dry locations like those listed above is an untenable long-term proposition (the Anasazis figured that out in the late 1200s despite sophisticated water management techniques for the time). It will be interesting to see if human hubris can be harnessed to overcome what appears to be an evident truth.
 
The landlocked places such as Phoenix and Las Vegas are the most likely to be impacted when the Colorado river runs out of water. Coastal locations can pivot to very expensive, but feasible, desalination.
 
Coastal locations can pivot to very expensive, but feasible, desalination.
Interesting to note U.S. applications and cost:

A city relying extensively on desalination, where it constitutes a very high percentage of their overall water supply, is less common in the U.S. than in some other parts of the world, like Israel, which obtains a large majority of its drinking water from desalinated seawater. Here are some examples of cities and regions with notable desalination plants:
  • Carlsbad, CA: Home to the largest desalination plant in the U.S., it provides a significant portion of San Diego County's water supply, estimated at around 10%. The Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant produces approximately 50 million gallons of fresh water daily.
  • Tampa Bay, FL: The Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant supplies up to 10% of the region's water needs, serving over 2.5 million people.
  • El Paso, TX This city has the largest inland desalination plant in the U.S., the Kay Bailey Hutchison Desalination Plant. It converts brackish groundwater into drinking water, capable of producing up to 27.5 million gallons per day.
  • Other locations: Desalination plants also exist in other areas of Florida, Texas, and California, including Antioch (California), North Collier County (Florida), Miami-Dade (Florida), Yuma (Arizona), and Port Saint Lucie (Florida).
While desalination offers a reliable water source, it's worth noting that it can be an expensive and energy-intensive process, and there can be environmental concerns related to brine disposal. Desalination costs in the U.S. vary, but generally range from $2 to $5 per 1,000 gallons for commercial and industrial reverse osmosis systems. Seawater desalination is typically more expensive than brackish water desalination due to the higher salt content. Factors like energy costs, plant size, and location also influence the final cost.
 
Florida needs to consider a SubTropical version of Xeriscape. The amount of water required to grow the invasive grass (St. Augustine Grass) in heavily draining, sandy soil is astounding. Almost 50-60% of all water use is dedicated to lawns that only iguanas and cockroaches like.


My vision of the front yard of my Florida rental home: Recreate the Everglades...Or the unphotogenic Pine Forests that naturally occur in Florida/the Bahamas, etc. The reality of the subtropics vs. the man-made palm tree paradises.

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It's likely more like this... not to piss off all the neighbors.

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I've given up on the backyard: the previous owner created a sanctuary garden and therapy pool inspired by Bali after a severe car accident. Therefore, I have a large number of unknown, exotic Asian plants growing semi-uncontrollably that get hacked back (via machete) every couple of months. My gardeners have counted 6-8 different types of bamboo. Semi-impossible to kill. There is an overgrown Buddhist/meditation area
 
The amount of water required to grow the invasive grass (St. Augustine Grass) in heavily draining, sandy soil is astounding.
Liz' area in Belleaire (Gulf Coast) also has sandy soil. But you are allowed to drill a well to supply sprinklers there.

As for SoCal, recent drought periods have limited the number of days per week sprinklers can be used. My front lawn is short but faces SE with one tree shading about a third of it. In my back yard I had the pool built in the sunniest part in 1984; the remaining yard is mostly shaded. The front lawn does OK with 3 days/week watering. In 2021 and 2022 we were restricted to two days per week and it got brown by late summer but survived. It would probably die on one day per week.
 
Underscoring my weak knowledge of South America, I had no idea that the driest place on earth is there. Here's yet another article that mentions the negative repercussions of mining lithium. Drilling for oil or mining lithium: pick yer poison.

 
Hard to say the Atacama is drought stricken when most of it averages about 2 inches rain a year and some of it literally zero. Antofagasta averages .04 inch rain per year.

The Central Valley of Chile where over half its population lives gets its water from the Andes in the region where we have been tracking the extremely deficient snowfall since 2011.

We visited San Pedro de Atacama in Dec. 2021, well inland and at 8,500 feet. It averages 3.26 inches rain per year.

The Skeleton Coast of Namibia which we visited June 2021 has the same climatology as the coastal Atacama. These areas see a lot of fog despite almost no rain. Swakopmund averages .8 inch rain per year. But inland Namibia doesn’t have the Andes shutting out weather from the east. That climate is like southern Arizona with a summer monsoon.
 
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Backyard in Florida

The dogs are out.

If you have an idea how to landscape this, great. So much is wrong, but I'm not motivated to make any improvements.

Yes, I bought something 10-12 minutes from the beach. It's always fun.

Better than San Francisco during COVID-19 at times.

Definitely needs some help.
 
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